Use $() instead of `` for process expansion.

Adapted from <victor.lowther@gmail.com>.

19 files changed, 99 insertions, 99 deletions

diff --git a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-bnep b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-bnep
index 9c5e0a73..b8064fd8 100755
--- a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-bnep
+++ b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-bnep
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ fi
 
 stop_panu()
 {
-	kill -TERM `cat /var/run/pand-${DEVICE}.pid`
+	kill -TERM $(cat /var/run/pand-${DEVICE}.pid)
 }
 
 stop_nap()
 {
-	kill -TERM `cat /var/run/pand-${DEVICE}.pid`
+	kill -TERM $(cat /var/run/pand-${DEVICE}.pid)
 	/usr/bin/pand -K
 }
 
diff --git a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-eth b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-eth
index 62dd354b..f12e3b54 100755
--- a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-eth
+++ b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-eth
@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ check_device_down ${DEVICE} && [ "$BOOTPROTO" != "dhcp" -a "$BOOTPROTO" != "boot
 
 if [ "${SLAVE}" != "yes" -o -z "${MASTER}" ]; then
 if [ -n "${HWADDR}" -a -z "${MACADDR}" ]; then
-    FOUNDMACADDR=`get_hwaddr ${REALDEVICE}`
+    FOUNDMACADDR=$(get_hwaddr ${REALDEVICE})
     if [ -n "${FOUNDMACADDR}" -a "${FOUNDMACADDR}" != "${HWADDR}" ]; then
-        NEWCONFIG=`get_config_by_hwaddr ${FOUNDMACADDR}`
+        NEWCONFIG=$(get_config_by_hwaddr ${FOUNDMACADDR})
 	if [ -n "${NEWCONFIG}" ]; then
 	   eval $(LANG=C fgrep "DEVICE=" $NEWCONFIG)
 	else
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fi
 fi
 
 if is_bonding_device ${DEVICE} ; then
-    for device in `LANG=C grep -l "^[[:space:]]*MASTER=${DEVICE}" /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*` ; do
+    for device in $(LANG=C grep -l "^[[:space:]]*MASTER=${DEVICE}" /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*) ; do
 	is_ignored_file "$device" && continue
 	/sbin/ifdown ${device##*/}
     done
@@ -64,14 +64,14 @@ fi
 
 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-ipv6 ${CONFIG}
 if [[ "${DHCPV6C}" = [Yy1]* ]] && [ -f /var/run/dhcp6c_${DEVICE}.pid ]; then
-	kill `cat /var/run/dhcp6c_${DEVICE}.pid`;
+	kill $(cat /var/run/dhcp6c_${DEVICE}.pid);
 	rm -f /var/run/dhcp6c_${DEVICE}.pid;
 fi
 
 retcode=0
-[ -n "`pidof -x dhclient`" ] && {
+[ -n "$(pidof -x dhclient)" ] && {
 	if [ -f "/var/run/dhclient-${DEVICE}.pid" ]; then
-		dhcpid=`cat /var/run/dhclient-${DEVICE}.pid`
+		dhcpid=$(cat /var/run/dhclient-${DEVICE}.pid)
 		if [[ "$DHCPRELEASE" = [yY1]* ]];  then
 			/sbin/dhclient -r -lf /var/lib/dhclient/dhclient-${DEVICE}.leases -pf /var/run/dhclient-${DEVICE}.pid ${DEVICE} >/dev/null 2>&1
 			retcode=$?
@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ if [ -n "${BRIDGE}" -a -x /usr/sbin/brctl ]; then
       /usr/sbin/brctl delif ${BRIDGE} ${DEVICE}
       # Upon removing a device from a bridge,
       # it's necessary to make radvd reload its config
-      [ -r /var/run/radvd/radvd.pid ] && kill -HUP `cat /var/run/radvd/radvd.pid`
-      if [ -d /sys/class/net/${BRIDGE}/brif ] && [ `ls -1 /sys/class/net/${BRIDGE}/brif | wc -l` -eq 0 ]; then
+      [ -r /var/run/radvd/radvd.pid ] && kill -HUP $(cat /var/run/radvd/radvd.pid)
+      if [ -d /sys/class/net/${BRIDGE}/brif ] && [ $(ls -1 /sys/class/net/${BRIDGE}/brif | wc -l) -eq 0 ]; then
 	  /usr/sbin/brctl delbr ${BRIDGE}
       fi
 fi
diff --git a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-ippp b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-ippp
index 3cc85640..f6fe5f12 100755
--- a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-ippp
+++ b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-ippp
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ isdnctrl delif $DEVICE >/dev/null 2>&1
 
 # kill ipppd daemon
 if [ -f /var/run/ipppd.$DEVICE.pid ] ; then
-    pppdpid=`cat /var/run/ipppd.$DEVICE.pid`
+    pppdpid=$(cat /var/run/ipppd.$DEVICE.pid)
     kill -9 $pppdpid > /dev/null 2>&1
     rm -f /var/run/ipppd.$DEVICE.pid > /dev/null 2>&1
 fi
diff --git a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-ipsec b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-ipsec
index 56b31c43..3167fa63 100755
--- a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-ipsec
+++ b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-ipsec
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fi
 [ -z "$KEYING" ] && KEYING=manual
 
 if [ -z "$SRC" ]; then
-    SRC=`ip -o route get to $DST | sed "s|.*src \([^ ]*\).*|\1|"`
+    SRC=$(ip -o route get to $DST | sed "s|.*src \([^ ]*\).*|\1|")
 fi
 
 if [ -n "$SRCNET" -o -n "$DSTNET" ]; then
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ if [ -n "$SRCNET" -o -n "$DSTNET" ]; then
            = "NETWORK=${DSTNET%%/*}" ]; then
     EXCLUDE_SRCNET=yes
   fi
-  [ -z "$SRCGW" ] && SRCGW=`ip -o route get to $SRCNET | sed "s|.*src \([^ ]*\).*|\1|"`
+  [ -z "$SRCGW" ] && SRCGW=$(ip -o route get to $SRCNET | sed "s|.*src \([^ ]*\).*|\1|")
   ip route del to $DSTNET via $SRCGW src $SRCGW
 else
   MODE=transport
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ ${EXCLUDE_SRCNET:+spddelete $SPD_SRC $SPD_SRC any -P in;}
 EOF
 
 if [ "$KEYING" = "automatic" -a -n "$IKE_METHOD" ]; then
-   racoontmp=`mktemp /etc/racoon/racoon.XXXXXX`
+   racoontmp=$(mktemp /etc/racoon/racoon.XXXXXX)
    grep -v "^include \"/etc/racoon/$DST.conf\";" /etc/racoon/racoon.conf >> $racoontmp
    mv -f $racoontmp /etc/racoon/racoon.conf
    pidof -x /usr/sbin/racoon > /dev/null 2>&1 && killall -HUP /usr/sbin/racoon
diff --git a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-ipv6 b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-ipv6
index 2d14b6b9..c6674ca7 100755
--- a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-ipv6
+++ b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-ipv6
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ CONFIG=$1
 source_config
 
 # IPv6 don't need aliases anymore, config is skipped
-REALDEVICE=`echo ${DEVICE} | sed 's/:.*//g'`
+REALDEVICE=$(echo ${DEVICE} | sed 's/:.*//g')
 [ "$DEVICE" != "$REALDEVICE" ] && exit 0
 
 [ -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/network-functions-ipv6 ] || exit 1
@@ -84,14 +84,14 @@ if [ $? = 0 -o $? = 11 ]; then
 		ipv4addr="$IPV6TO4_IPV4ADDR"
 
 		# Get IPv4 address from interface first
-		ipv4addrlocal="`ipv6_get_ipv4addr_of_device $DEVICE`"
+		ipv4addrlocal="$(ipv6_get_ipv4addr_of_device $DEVICE)"
 		if [ -z "$ipv4addrlocal" ]; then
 			# Take configured from config file
 			ipv4addrlocal="$IPADDR"
 		fi
 	else
 		# Get IPv4 address from interface first (has precedence 2)
-		ipv4addr="`ipv6_get_ipv4addr_of_device $DEVICE`"
+		ipv4addr="$(ipv6_get_ipv4addr_of_device $DEVICE)"
 		if [ -z "$ipv4addr" ]; then
 			# Take configured from config file (precedence 3)
 			ipv4addr="$IPADDR"
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ if [ $? = 0 -o $? = 11 ]; then
 	fi
 
 	# Get local IPv4 address of dedicated tunnel
-	ipv4addr6to4local="`ipv6_get_ipv4addr_of_tunnel tun6to4 local`"
+	ipv4addr6to4local="$(ipv6_get_ipv4addr_of_tunnel tun6to4 local)"
 
 	if [ -z "$ipv4addrlocal" -o -z "$ipv4addr6to4local" ]; then
 		# no IPv4 addresses given, 6to4 sure not configured
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ if [ "$valid6to4config" = "yes" ]; then
 	if [ -n "$IPV6TO4_ROUTING" ]; then
 		# Delete routes to local networks
 		for devsuf in $IPV6TO4_ROUTING; do
-			dev="`echo $devsuf | awk -F- '{ print $1 }'`"
+			dev="$(echo $devsuf | awk -F- '{ print $1 }')"
 			ipv6_cleanup_6to4_device $dev
 		done
 	fi
diff --git a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-ppp b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-ppp
index a3a558d8..0775f170 100755
--- a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-ppp
+++ b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-ppp
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fi
 CONFIG=${CONFIG##ifcfg-}
 
 if [ "${DEMAND}" = "yes" -a -f /var/run/ppp-${CONFIG}.pid ] ; then
-    PID=`head -1 /var/run/ppp-${CONFIG}.pid`
+    PID=$(head -1 /var/run/ppp-${CONFIG}.pid)
     kill -TERM ${PID}
     sleep 2
     [ ! -d /proc/${PID} ] && exit 0
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ if [ ! -f $file ]; then
     exit 0
 fi
 
-PID=`cat $file`
+PID=$(cat $file)
 [ -n "${PID}" ] || exit 1
 
 kill -TERM ${PID} > /dev/null 2>&1
diff --git a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-sit b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-sit
index 20be7fa0..041dc3cd 100755
--- a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-sit
+++ b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-sit
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ CONFIG=$1
 source_config
 
 # IPv6 don't need aliases anymore, config is skipped
-REALDEVICE=`echo ${DEVICE} | sed 's/:.*//g'`
+REALDEVICE=$(echo ${DEVICE} | sed 's/:.*//g')
 [ "$DEVICE" != "$REALDEVICE" ] && exit 0
 
 [ -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/network-functions-ipv6 ] || exit 1
diff --git a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-aliases b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-aliases
index de4454e9..83f53c09 100755
--- a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-aliases
+++ b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-aliases
@@ -194,11 +194,11 @@ function new_interface ()
        fi
 
        if [ -z "$NETMASK" ]; then
-               eval `/bin/ipcalc --netmask ${IPADDR}`
+               eval $(/bin/ipcalc --netmask ${IPADDR})
        fi
 
        if [ -z "$BROADCAST" -o "$BROADCAST" = "$default_BROADCAST" ]; then
-               eval `/bin/ipcalc --broadcast ${IPADDR} ${NETMASK}`
+               eval $(/bin/ipcalc --broadcast ${IPADDR} ${NETMASK})
                nma=$NETMASK; nmb=${nma#*.}; nmc=${nmb#*.};
                NMGLOP="${nma%%.*}_${nmb%%.*}_${nmc%%.*}_${nmc#*.}";
                if [ ${nma%%.*} -eq 0 ]; then ipnm_a=0; else ipnm_a=${ipa%%.*}; fi
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ function new_interface ()
                CACHENAME="${NMGLOP}_${ipnm_a}_${ipnm_b}_${ipnm_c}_${ipnm_d}"
                eval "
                        if [ -z \"\$bcastcache_${CACHENAME}\" ]; then
-                               eval `/bin/ipcalc --broadcast \$IPADDR \$NETMASK`
+                               eval $(/bin/ipcalc --broadcast \$IPADDR \$NETMASK)
                                bcastcache_${CACHENAME}=\$BROADCAST
                        else
                                BROADCAST=\$bcastcache_${CACHENAME}
diff --git a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-eth b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-eth
index 5587ec69..7c9e33b6 100755
--- a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-eth
+++ b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-eth
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ is_available ${REALDEVICE}
 
 # bail out, if the MAC does not fit
 if [ -n "${HWADDR}" ]; then
-    FOUNDMACADDR=`get_hwaddr ${REALDEVICE}`
+    FOUNDMACADDR=$(get_hwaddr ${REALDEVICE})
     if [ "${FOUNDMACADDR}" != "${HWADDR}" -a "${FOUNDMACADDR}" != "${MACADDR}" ]; then
 	    echo $"Device ${DEVICE} has different MAC address than expected, ignoring."
 	    exit 1
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ if [ "$ISALIAS" = no ] && is_bonding_device ${DEVICE} ; then
 
     /sbin/ip link set dev ${DEVICE} up
     [ -n "${LINKDELAY}" ] && /bin/sleep ${LINKDELAY}
-    for device in `LANG=C grep -l "^[[:space:]]*MASTER=${DEVICE}" /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*` ; do
+    for device in $(LANG=C grep -l "^[[:space:]]*MASTER=${DEVICE}" /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*) ; do
 	    is_ignored_file "$device" && continue
 	    /sbin/ifup ${device##*/}
     done
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ if [ -n "${BRIDGE}" -a -x /usr/sbin/brctl ]; then
       /usr/sbin/brctl addif ${BRIDGE} ${DEVICE}
       # Upon adding a device to a bridge,
       # it's necessary to make radvd reload its config
-      [ -r /var/run/radvd/radvd.pid ] && kill -HUP `cat /var/run/radvd/radvd.pid`
+      [ -r /var/run/radvd/radvd.pid ] && kill -HUP $(cat /var/run/radvd/radvd.pid)
       exit 0
 fi
 		     
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ else
     # Set a default route.
     if [ -z "${GATEWAYDEV}" -o "${GATEWAYDEV}" = "${REALDEVICE}" ]; then
 	# set up default gateway. replace if one already exists
-	if [ -n "${GATEWAY}" -a "`ipcalc --network ${GATEWAY} ${NETMASK} 2>/dev/null`" = "NETWORK=${NETWORK}" ]; then
+	if [ -n "${GATEWAY}" -a "$(ipcalc --network ${GATEWAY} ${NETMASK} 2>/dev/null)" = "NETWORK=${NETWORK}" ]; then
 	    ip route replace default ${METRIC:+metric $METRIC} \
 		via ${GATEWAY} ${WINDOW:+window $WINDOW} ${SRC} \
 		${GATEWAYDEV:+dev $GATEWAYDEV}
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ fi
 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ipv6 ${CONFIG}
 if [[ "${DHCPV6C}"  = [Yy1]* ]] && [ -x /sbin/dhcp6c ]; then
     /sbin/dhcp6c ${DHCPV6C_OPTIONS} ${DEVICE}
-    dhcp6_pid=(`/bin/ps -eo 'pid,args' | /bin/grep "dhcp6c ${DHCPV6C_OPTIONS} ${DEVICE}" | egrep -v grep`)
+    dhcp6_pid=($(/bin/ps -eo 'pid,args' | /bin/grep "dhcp6c ${DHCPV6C_OPTIONS} ${DEVICE}" | egrep -v grep))
     [ -n  "$dhcp6_pid" ] && echo ${dhcp6_pid[0]} > /var/run/dhcp6c_${DEVICE}.pid
 fi
 
diff --git a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ippp b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ippp
index 9e2f3376..643b2a8c 100755
--- a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ippp
+++ b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ippp
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ function start_ibod()
     device=$1
     if [ -f /etc/isdn/ibod.cf -a -x /usr/sbin/ibod ] ; then
         ibod $device &
-        pid=`pidof ibod`
+        pid=$(pidof ibod)
         [ -n "$pid" ] && touch /var/lock/subsys/ibod
     fi
 }
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ function addprovider()
     [ "$DEFROUTE" = "yes" ] && options="$options defaultroute deldefaultroute"
 
     # set authentication
-    _auth=`echo "$AUTH" | sed 's/[a-z -]*//g'`
+    _auth=$(echo "$AUTH" | sed 's/[a-z -]*//g')
     if [ -n "$_auth" ]; then
         if [ -z "$USER" -a "$DIALIN" != "on" ]; then
             log_echo " Error: $1 (syncppp) user is not set"
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ function addprovider()
         # authentication options:
         # +pap and/or +chap does not work correct by dialout - remove
         # them if it's configured as dialout
-        [ "$DIALIN" = "on" ] || AUTH=`echo "$AUTH" | sed 's/+[a-z]*//g'`
+        [ "$DIALIN" = "on" ] || AUTH=$(echo "$AUTH" | sed 's/+[a-z]*//g')
     fi
 
     # add ISDN device 
diff --git a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ipsec b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ipsec
index 9998762c..4411451c 100755
--- a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ipsec
+++ b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ipsec
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fi
 [ -z "$KEYING" ] && KEYING=manual
 
 if [ -z "$SRC" ]; then
-    SRC=`ip -o route get to $DST | sed "s|.*src \([^ ]*\).*|\1|"`
+    SRC=$(ip -o route get to $DST | sed "s|.*src \([^ ]*\).*|\1|")
 fi
 
 if [ -n "$SRCNET" -o -n "$DSTNET" ]; then
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ if [ -n "$SRCNET" -o -n "$DSTNET" ]; then
            = "NETWORK=${DSTNET%%/*}" ]; then
     EXCLUDE_SRCNET=yes
   fi
-  [ -z "$SRCGW" ] && SRCGW=`ip -o route get to $SRCNET | sed "s|.*src \([^ ]*\).*|\1|"`
+  [ -z "$SRCGW" ] && SRCGW=$(ip -o route get to $SRCNET | sed "s|.*src \([^ ]*\).*|\1|")
   ip route add to $DSTNET via $SRCGW src $SRCGW
 else
   unset TUNNEL_MODE
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ if [ "$KEYING" = "automatic" -a -n "$IKE_METHOD" ]; then
              ;;
           esac
        fi
-       tmpfile=`mktemp /etc/racoon/psk.XXXXXX`
+       tmpfile=$(mktemp /etc/racoon/psk.XXXXXX)
        grep -v "^$DST " /etc/racoon/psk.txt > $tmpfile
        echo "$DST  $IKE_PSK" >> $tmpfile
        mv -f $tmpfile /etc/racoon/psk.txt
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ EOF
 EOF
          esac
     fi
-    racoontmp=`mktemp /etc/racoon/racoon.XXXXXX`
+    racoontmp=$(mktemp /etc/racoon/racoon.XXXXXX)
     grep -v "^include \"/etc/racoon/$DST.conf\";" /etc/racoon/racoon.conf >> $racoontmp
     echo "include \"/etc/racoon/$DST.conf\";" >> $racoontmp
     mv -f $racoontmp /etc/racoon/racoon.conf
diff --git a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ipv6 b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ipv6
index a50d1aa4..1dd30aff 100755
--- a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ipv6
+++ b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ipv6
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ CONFIG=$1
 source_config
 
 # IPv6 don't need aliases anymore, config is skipped
-REALDEVICE=`echo ${DEVICE} | sed 's/:.*//g'`
+REALDEVICE=$(echo ${DEVICE} | sed 's/:.*//g')
 [ "$DEVICE" != "$REALDEVICE" ] && exit 0
 
 # Test whether IPv6 configuration is enabled for this interface, else stop
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ if [ -n "$IPV6ADDR" ]; then
 fi
 
 # Get current global IPv6 forwarding
-ipv6_global_forwarding_current="`ipv6_exec_sysctl -n net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding`"
+ipv6_global_forwarding_current="$(ipv6_exec_sysctl -n net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding)"
 
 # Set some proc switches depending on defines
 if [ "$IPV6FORWARDING" = "yes" ]; then
@@ -185,14 +185,14 @@ if [ "$IPV6TO4INIT" = "yes" ]; then
 		ipv4addr="$IPV6TO4_IPV4ADDR"
 
 		# Get local IPv4 address from interface
-		ipv4addrlocal="`ipv6_get_ipv4addr_of_device $DEVICE`"
+		ipv4addrlocal="$(ipv6_get_ipv4addr_of_device $DEVICE)"
 		if [ -z "$ipv4addrlocal" ]; then
 			# Take configured from config file
 			ipv4addrlocal="$IPADDR"
 		fi
         else
 		# Get IPv4 address from interface first (has precedence 2)
-		ipv4addr="`ipv6_get_ipv4addr_of_device $DEVICE`"
+		ipv4addr="$(ipv6_get_ipv4addr_of_device $DEVICE)"
 		if [ -z "$ipv4addr" ]; then
 			# Take configured from config file (precedence 3)
 			ipv4addr="$IPADDR"
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ if [ "$IPV6TO4INIT" = "yes" ]; then
 		fi
 
 		# Check/generate relay address
-		ipv6to4_relay="`ipv6_create_6to4_relay_address $IPV6TO4_RELAY`"
+		ipv6to4_relay="$(ipv6_create_6to4_relay_address $IPV6TO4_RELAY)"
 		if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
 			valid6to4config="no"
 		fi
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ if [ "$IPV6TO4INIT" = "yes" ]; then
 	# Setup 6to4 tunnel (hardwired name is "tun6to4"), if config is valid
         if [ "$valid6to4config" = "yes" ]; then
 		# Get MTU of master device
-		ipv4mtu="`ipv6_exec_ip link show dev $DEVICE | grep -w "mtu" | awk '{ print $5 }'`"
+		ipv4mtu="$(ipv6_exec_ip link show dev $DEVICE | grep -w "mtu" | awk '{ print $5 }')"
 		if [ -n "$ipv4mtu" ]; then
 			# IPv6 tunnel MTU is IPv4 MTU minus 20 for IPv4 header
 			tunnelmtu=$[ $ipv4mtu - 20 ]
@@ -284,12 +284,12 @@ if [ "$IPV6TO4INIT" = "yes" ]; then
 			fi
 
 		        if [ -n "$IPV6TO4_ROUTING" ]; then
-				ipv6to4prefix="`ipv6_create_6to4_prefix $ipv4addr`"
+				ipv6to4prefix="$(ipv6_create_6to4_prefix $ipv4addr)"
 				if [ -n "$ipv6to4prefix" ]; then
 					# Add route to local networks
 					for devsuf in $IPV6TO4_ROUTING; do
-						dev="`echo $devsuf | awk -F- '{ print $1 }'`"
-						suf="`echo $devsuf | awk -F- '{ print $2 }'`"
+						dev="$(echo $devsuf | awk -F- '{ print $1 }')"
+						suf="$(echo $devsuf | awk -F- '{ print $2 }')"
 						ipv6_add_addr_on_device ${dev} ${ipv6to4prefix}${suf}
 					done
 				else
diff --git a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-post b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-post
index af54ed94..29af56b7 100755
--- a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-post
+++ b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-post
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ if [ "$PEERDNS" != "no" ] ||[ -n "$RESOLV_MODS" -a "$RESOLV_MODS" != "no" ]; the
   [ -n "$MS_DNS1" ] && DNS1=$MS_DNS1
   [ -n "$MS_DNS2" ] && DNS2=$MS_DNS2
   if [ -n "$DNS1" ] && ! grep -q "^nameserver $DNS1" /etc/resolv.conf &&
-   tr=`mktemp /tmp/XXXXXX` ; then
+   tr=$(mktemp /tmp/XXXXXX) ; then
     current_replacement="$DNS1"
     next_replacement="$DNS2"
     search=
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ if [ "$PEERDNS" != "no" ] ||[ -n "$RESOLV_MODS" -a "$RESOLV_MODS" != "no" ]; the
 
     # maintain permissions
     # but set umask in case it doesn't exist!
-    oldumask=`umask`
+    oldumask=$(umask)
     umask 022
     change_resolv_conf $tr 
     rm -f $tr
diff --git a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ppp b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ppp
index d26cd21f..2a317a61 100755
--- a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ppp
+++ b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-ppp
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ if [ "${DEMAND}" = "yes" ] ; then
   # pppd is a tad slow to write the pid-file.
   sleep 2
   if [ -f /var/run/ppp-${DEVNAME}.pid ] ; then
-    REALDEVICE=`tail -1 /var/run/ppp-${DEVNAME}.pid`
+    REALDEVICE=$(tail -1 /var/run/ppp-${DEVNAME}.pid)
     /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-routes ${REALDEVICE} ${DEVNAME}
   fi
 fi
diff --git a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-routes b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-routes
index 83a7adc3..1aa7f718 100755
--- a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-routes
+++ b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-routes
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ handle_file () {
     . $1
     routenum=0
     while [ "x$(eval echo '$'ADDRESS$routenum)x" != "xx" ]; do
-	eval `ipcalc -p $(eval echo '$'ADDRESS$routenum) $(eval echo '$'NETMASK$routenum)`
+	eval $(ipcalc -p $(eval echo '$'ADDRESS$routenum) $(eval echo '$'NETMASK$routenum))
 	line="$(eval echo '$'ADDRESS$routenum)/$PREFIX"
 	if [ "x$(eval echo '$'GATEWAY$routenum)x" != "xx" ]; then
 	    line="$line via $(eval echo '$'GATEWAY$routenum)"
diff --git a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-sit b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-sit
index b3206297..ac070c96 100755
--- a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-sit
+++ b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-sit
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ CONFIG=$1
 source_config
 
 # IPv6 don't need aliases anymore, config is skipped
-REALDEVICE=`echo ${DEVICE} | sed 's/:.*//g'`
+REALDEVICE=$(echo ${DEVICE} | sed 's/:.*//g')
 [ "$DEVICE" != "$REALDEVICE" ] && exit 0
 
 # Test whether IPv6 configuration is enabled for this interface, else stop
diff --git a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-wireless b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-wireless
index 18416b1b..d965cb89 100755
--- a/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-wireless
+++ b/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-wireless
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ fi
 
 # This is a bit hackish, but should do the job right...
 if [ -n "$ESSID" -o -n "$MODE" ] ; then
-    NICKNAME=`/bin/hostname`
+    NICKNAME=$(/bin/hostname)
     iwconfig $DEVICE nick "$NICKNAME" >/dev/null 2>&1
 fi
 # Regular stuff...
diff --git a/sysconfig/network-scripts/network-functions b/sysconfig/network-scripts/network-functions
index 7d5053e9..fe10aae8 100644
--- a/sysconfig/network-scripts/network-functions
+++ b/sysconfig/network-scripts/network-functions
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ need_config ()
     [ -f "${CONFIG}" ] && return
     CONFIG="${1##*/}"
     [ -f "${CONFIG}" ] && return
-    local addr=`get_hwaddr ${1}`
+    local addr=$(get_hwaddr ${1})
     if [ -n "$addr" ]; then
-      nconfig=`get_config_by_hwaddr ${addr}`
+      nconfig=$(get_config_by_hwaddr ${addr})
       if [ -n "$nconfig" ] ; then
         CONFIG=${nconfig##*/}
 	[ -f "${CONFIG}" ] && return
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ source_config ()
 		DEVICETYPE="sit"
 		;;
     esac
-    [ -z "$DEVICETYPE" ] && DEVICETYPE=`echo ${DEVICE} | sed "s/[0-9]*$//"`
+    [ -z "$DEVICETYPE" ] && DEVICETYPE=$(echo ${DEVICE} | sed "s/[0-9]*$//")
     [ -z "$REALDEVICE" -a -n "$PARENTDEVICE" ] && REALDEVICE=$PARENTDEVICE
     [ -z "$REALDEVICE" ] && REALDEVICE=${DEVICE%%:*}
     if [ "${DEVICE}" != "${REALDEVICE}" ]; then
@@ -117,10 +117,10 @@ source_config ()
 	ISALIAS=no
     fi
     if [ -n "$HWADDR" ]; then
-        HWADDR=`echo $HWADDR | awk '{ print toupper($0) }'`
+        HWADDR=$(echo $HWADDR | awk '{ print toupper($0) }')
     fi
     if [ -n "$MACADDR" ]; then
-        MACADDR=`echo $MACADDR | awk '{ print toupper($0) }'`
+        MACADDR=$(echo $MACADDR | awk '{ print toupper($0) }')
     fi
 }
 
@@ -129,19 +129,19 @@ source_config ()
 expand_config ()
 {
     if [ -z "${NETMASK}" ]; then
-	eval `/bin/ipcalc --netmask ${IPADDR}`
+	eval $(/bin/ipcalc --netmask ${IPADDR})
     fi
 
     if [ -z "${PREFIX}" ]; then
-	eval `/bin/ipcalc --prefix ${IPADDR} ${NETMASK}`
+	eval $(/bin/ipcalc --prefix ${IPADDR} ${NETMASK})
     fi
 
     if [ -z "${BROADCAST}" ]; then
-	eval `/bin/ipcalc --broadcast ${IPADDR} ${NETMASK}`
+	eval $(/bin/ipcalc --broadcast ${IPADDR} ${NETMASK})
     fi
 
     if [ -z "${NETWORK}" ]; then
-	eval `/bin/ipcalc --network ${IPADDR} ${NETMASK}`
+	eval $(/bin/ipcalc --network ${IPADDR} ${NETMASK})
     fi
 }
 
@@ -162,9 +162,9 @@ do_netreport ()
   ( cd /var/run/netreport || exit
     for i in * ; do
       if [ -f $i ]; then
-        OWNER=`ls -l $i | awk '{ print $3 }'`
+        OWNER=$(ls -l $i | awk '{ print $3 }')
 	
-        if [ "`id -u`" = "0" ]; then
+        if [ "$(id -u)" = "0" ]; then
 	  su -s /bin/bash $OWNER -c "kill -SIGIO $i >/dev/null 2>&1 || rm -f $i >/dev/null 2>&1" > /dev/null 2>&1
 	else
 	  kill -SIGIO $i >/dev/null 2>&1 || rm -f $i >/dev/null 2>&1
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ END {
       return 1
     }
     if [ -n "$HWADDR" ]; then
-       local curdev=`get_device_by_hwaddr "$HWADDR"`
+       local curdev=$(get_device_by_hwaddr "$HWADDR")
        if [ -z "$curdev" ]; then
           return 1
        fi
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ END {
 
 need_hostname ()
 {
-    CHECK_HOSTNAME=`hostname`
+    CHECK_HOSTNAME=$(hostname)
     if [ "$CHECK_HOSTNAME" = "(none)" -o "$CHECK_HOSTNAME" = "localhost" -o \
 	"$CHECK_HOSTNAME" = "localhost.localdomain" ]; then
 	return 0
@@ -226,9 +226,9 @@ set_hostname ()
 {
     hostname $1
     if ! grep search /etc/resolv.conf >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-	domain=`echo $1 | sed 's/^[^\.]*\.//'`
+	domain=$(echo $1 | sed 's/^[^\.]*\.//')
 	if [ -n "$domain" ]; then
-		rsctmp=`mktemp /tmp/XXXXXX`;
+		rsctmp=$(mktemp /tmp/XXXXXX);
 		cat /etc/resolv.conf > $rsctmp
 		echo "search $domain" >> $rsctmp
 		change_resolv_conf $rsctmp
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ check_device_down ()
 check_ethtool ()
 {
    [ -x /sbin/ethtool ] || return 2
-   output=`LC_ALL=C ethtool $1 2>&1`
+   output=$(LC_ALL=C ethtool $1 2>&1)
    echo $output | LC_ALL=C grep -q "Link detected: yes" && return 1
    echo $output | LC_ALL=C grep -q "Link detected: no" && return 0 || return 2
 }
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ is_bonding_device ()
 # Invoke this when /etc/resolv.conf has changed:
 change_resolv_conf ()
 {
-    s=`/bin/grep '^[\ \	]*option' /etc/resolv.conf 2>/dev/null`;
+    s=$(/bin/grep '^[\ \	]*option' /etc/resolv.conf 2>/dev/null);
     if [ "x$s" != "x" ]; then
        s="$s"$'\n';
     fi;
@@ -378,9 +378,9 @@ change_resolv_conf ()
          done;       
     elif [ $# -eq 1 ]; then
        if [ "x$s" != "x" ]; then
-	  s="$s"`/bin/grep -vF "$s" $1`;
+	  s="$s"$(/bin/grep -vF "$s" $1);
        else
-	  s=`cat $1`;
+	  s=$(cat $1);
        fi;
     fi;
     (echo "$s" > /etc/resolv.conf;) >/dev/null 2>&1;
diff --git a/sysconfig/network-scripts/network-functions-ipv6 b/sysconfig/network-scripts/network-functions-ipv6
index 1bf230b7..d56d7436 100644
--- a/sysconfig/network-scripts/network-functions-ipv6
+++ b/sysconfig/network-scripts/network-functions-ipv6
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ ipv6_log() {
 	# Map loglevel now
 	local fn=1
 	local fnawk="print \$$fn"
-	local t="`echo $level | awk -F. "{ $fnawk }"`"
+	local t="$(echo $level | awk -F. "{ $fnawk }")"
 
 	# Check channel, if given
 	case $t in
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ ipv6_log() {
 	# Check syslog facilty, if given
 	if [ "$channel" = "syslog" ]; then
 		local fnawk="print \$$fn"
-		local t="`echo $level | awk -F. "{ $fnawk }"`"
+		local t="$(echo $level | awk -F. "{ $fnawk }")"
 		case $t in
 		    'local0'|'local1'|'local2'|'local3'|'local4'|'local5'|'local6'|'local7'|'daemon')
 			local facility="$t"
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ ipv6_log() {
 	fi
 
 	local fnawk="print \$$fn"
-	local t="`echo $level | awk -F. "{ $fnawk }"`"
+	local t="$(echo $level | awk -F. "{ $fnawk }")"
 
 	# Map priority
 	[ "$t" = "inf"      ] && local t="info"
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ ipv6_log() {
 	esac
 
 	local fnawk="print \$$fn"
-	local t="`echo $level | awk -F. "{ $fnawk }"`"
+	local t="$(echo $level | awk -F. "{ $fnawk }")"
 	if [ -n "$t" ]; then
 		echo $"ERROR: [ipv6_log] Loglevel isn't valid '$level' (arg 2)" >/dev/stderr
 		return 1
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ ipv6_test() {
 ##### Get version of this function library
 # stdout: <version number YYYYMMDD>
 getversion_ipv6_functions() {
-	local version_ipv6_functions="`cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/network-functions-ipv6 | LC_ALL=C grep "^# Version:" | awk '{ print $3 }' | sed 's/-//g' | sed 's/[A-Za-z]*$//g'`"
+	local version_ipv6_functions="$(cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/network-functions-ipv6 | LC_ALL=C grep "^# Version:" | awk '{ print $3 }' | sed 's/-//g' | sed 's/[A-Za-z]*$//g')"
 	echo $version_ipv6_functions
 	return 0
 }
@@ -336,12 +336,12 @@ ipv6_add_route() {
 	ipv6_test_ipv6_addr_valid $gatewayipv6 || return 2
 
 	if [ -z "$device" ]; then
-		local returntxt="`ipv6_exec_ip -6 route add $networkipv6 via $gatewayipv6 metric 1 2>&1`"
+		local returntxt="$(ipv6_exec_ip -6 route add $networkipv6 via $gatewayipv6 metric 1 2>&1)"
 	else
 		if [ "$gatewayipv6" = "::" ]; then
-			local returntxt="`ipv6_exec_ip -6 route add $networkipv6 dev $device metric 1 2>&1`"
+			local returntxt="$(ipv6_exec_ip -6 route add $networkipv6 dev $device metric 1 2>&1)"
 		else
-			local returntxt="`ipv6_exec_ip -6 route add $networkipv6 via $gatewayipv6 dev $device metric 1 2>&1`"
+			local returntxt="$(ipv6_exec_ip -6 route add $networkipv6 via $gatewayipv6 dev $device metric 1 2>&1)"
 		fi
 	fi
 
@@ -558,8 +558,8 @@ ipv6_add_addr_on_device() {
 	fi
 
 	# Extract address parts
-	local prefixlength_implicit="`echo $address | awk -F/ '{ print $2 }'`"
-	local address_implicit="`echo $address | awk -F/ '{ print $1 }'`"
+	local prefixlength_implicit="$(echo $address | awk -F/ '{ print $2 }')"
+	local address_implicit="$(echo $address | awk -F/ '{ print $1 }')"
 
 	# Check prefix length and using '64' as default
 	if [ -z "$prefixlength_implicit" ]; then
@@ -664,8 +664,8 @@ ipv6_del_addr_on_device() {
 	ipv6_test_ipv6_addr_valid $address || return 1
 
 	# Extract address parts
-	local prefixlength_implicit="`echo $address | awk -F/ '{ print $2 }'`"
-	local address_implicit="`echo $address | awk -F/ '{ print $1 }'`"
+	local prefixlength_implicit="$(echo $address | awk -F/ '{ print $2 }')"
+	local address_implicit="$(echo $address | awk -F/ '{ print $1 }')"
 
 	# Check prefix length and using '64' as default
 	if [ -z "$prefixlength_implicit" ]; then
@@ -781,24 +781,24 @@ ipv6_create_6to4_prefix() {
 		ipv6_log $"Missing parameter 'IPv4 address' (arg 1)" stderr.err $fn
 	fi
 
-	local major1="`echo $ipv4addr | awk -F. '{ print $1 }'`"
-	local minor1="`echo $ipv4addr | awk -F. '{ print $2 }'`"
-	local major2="`echo $ipv4addr | awk -F. '{ print $3 }'`"
-	local minor2="`echo $ipv4addr | awk -F. '{ print $4 }'`"
+	local major1="$(echo $ipv4addr | awk -F. '{ print $1 }')"
+	local minor1="$(echo $ipv4addr | awk -F. '{ print $2 }')"
+	local major2="$(echo $ipv4addr | awk -F. '{ print $3 }')"
+	local minor2="$(echo $ipv4addr | awk -F. '{ print $4 }')"
 
 	if [ -z "$major1" -o -z "$minor1" -o -z "$major2" -o -z "$minor2" ]; then
 		return 1
 	fi
 
 	if [ $major1 -eq 0 ]; then
-		local block1="`printf "%x" $minor1`"
+		local block1="$(printf "%x" $minor1)"
 	else
-		local block1="`printf "%x%02x" $major1 $minor1`"
+		local block1="$(printf "%x%02x" $major1 $minor1)"
 	fi
 	if [ $major2 -eq 0 ]; then
-		local block2="`printf "%x" $minor2`"
+		local block2="$(printf "%x" $minor2)"
 	else
-		local block2="`printf "%x%02x" $major2 $minor2`"
+		local block2="$(printf "%x%02x" $major2 $minor2)"
 	fi
 
 	local prefix6to4="2002:$block1:$block2"
@@ -885,7 +885,7 @@ ipv6_add_6to4_tunnel() {
 	ipv6_test || return 2
 
 	# Generate 6to4 address
-	local prefix6to4="`ipv6_create_6to4_prefix $globalipv4`"
+	local prefix6to4="$(ipv6_create_6to4_prefix $globalipv4)"
 	if [ $? -ne 0 -o -z "$prefix6to4" ]; then
 		return 3
 	fi
@@ -1016,7 +1016,7 @@ ipv6_add_tunnel_device() {
 	ipv6_test || return 2
 
 	if ! ipv6_test_device_status $device; then
-		local ttldefault="`ipv6_exec_sysctl net.ipv4.ip_default_ttl | awk '{ print $3 }'`"
+		local ttldefault="$(ipv6_exec_sysctl net.ipv4.ip_default_ttl | awk '{ print $3 }')"
 		if [ -z "$ttldefault" ]; then
 			local ttldefault=64
 		fi
@@ -1160,9 +1160,9 @@ ipv6_get_ipv4addr_of_tunnel() {
 
 	# Device exists, retrieve address
 	if [ "$selection" = "local" ]; then
-		local tunnel_local_ipv4addr="`ipv6_exec_ip tunnel show $device | awk '{ print $6 }'`"
+		local tunnel_local_ipv4addr="$(ipv6_exec_ip tunnel show $device | awk '{ print $6 }')"
 	elif [ "$selection" = "remote" ]; then
-		local tunnel_local_ipv4addr="`ipv6_exec_ip tunnel show $device | awk '{ print $4 }'`"
+		local tunnel_local_ipv4addr="$(ipv6_exec_ip tunnel show $device | awk '{ print $4 }')"
 	fi
 
 	if [ $? != 0 ]; then
@@ -1201,7 +1201,7 @@ ipv6_get_ipv4addr_of_device() {
 	fi
 
 	# Device exists, retrieve the first address only
-	local ipv4addr="`ipv6_exec_ip -o -4 addr show dev $device | awk '{ print $4 }' | awk -F/ '{ print $1; exit }'`"
+	local ipv4addr="$(ipv6_exec_ip -o -4 addr show dev $device | awk '{ print $4 }' | awk -F/ '{ print $1; exit }')"
 
 	if [ $? != 0 ]; then
 		return 3
@@ -1272,8 +1272,8 @@ ipv6_set_default_route() {
 	fi
 
 	if [ -n "$address" ]; then
-		local addressgw=`echo $address | awk -F% '{ print $1 }'`
-		local device_scope=`echo $address | awk -F% '{ print $2 }'`
+		local addressgw=$(echo $address | awk -F% '{ print $1 }')
+		local device_scope=$(echo $address | awk -F% '{ print $2 }')
 
 		if [ -z "$addressgw" ]; then
 			ipv6_log $"Given IPv6 default gateway '$address' is not in proper format" err $fn
@@ -1446,7 +1446,7 @@ ipv6_trigger_radvd() {
 		fi
 
 		# Get PID
-		local pid="`cat $pidfile`"
+		local pid="$(cat $pidfile)"
 		if [ -z "$pid" ]; then
 			# pidfile empty - strange
 			ipv6_log $"Pidfile '$pidfile' is empty, cannot send trigger to radvd" err $fn